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  4. The Four Cases in German: Nominative, Accusative, Dative, and Genitive

The Four Cases in German: Nominative, Accusative, Dative, and Genitive

In this article, you will learn about the four cases in German: Nominative, Accusative, Dative, and Genitive. You will find out when each case is used and how to recognize it.

Contents

In German, there are four cases: Nominative, Accusative, Dative, and Genitive. Each case has a specific function in a sentence and changes the form of articles and nouns. The form a word takes depends on the verb or a preposition.

The Nominative Case

The Nominative is the basic case. It answers the question "Who or what?". The Nominative is always the subject of a sentence. The subject is the person or thing that does something or is being talked about.

The Nominative is often at the beginning of a sentence, but not always.

  • Meine Tante wohnt in der Schweiz. (Who or what lives in Switzerland? - Meine Tante.)
  • Seit zehn Jahren wohnt meine Tante in der Schweiz. (Who or what lives in Switzerland? - Meine Tante.)

Some verbs always require the Nominative case. This means that two words or phrases in the Nominative can follow these verbs. These verbs are: sein, werden, bleiben, heißen, and scheinen.

  • Mein Onkel ist ein netter Mann. (Who or what is a nice man? - Mein Onkel. Who or what is my uncle? - Ein netter Mann.)

Here, "mein Onkel" and "ein netter Mann" are the same. That is why both are in the Nominative case.

The Accusative Case

The Accusative is the case of the direct object. The direct object is the person or thing that is directly affected by the verb. You ask about it with "Whom or what?".

  • Der Nachbar hat einen Garten. (Whom or what does the neighbor have? - Einen Garten.)

The Accusative is often required by certain verbs. This means these verbs need an Accusative object.

Some verbs that need the Accusative case are:

  • haben (Er hat einen Garten.)
  • brauchen (Ich brauche ein Buch.)
  • schneiden (Sie schneidet das Brot.)
  • kaufen (Wir kaufen ein Auto.)
  • essen (Er isst einen Apfel.)
  • kochen (Sie kocht das Essen.)
  • besuchen (Ich besuche meine Freunde.)
  • machen (Wir machen Hausaufgaben.)
  • lesen (Sie liest ein Buch.)
  • bestellen (Ich bestelle eine Pizza.)

The Accusative can also follow certain prepositions. These prepositions always require the Accusative case:

  • für (Das Geschenk ist für dich.)
  • um (Wir gehen um den Tisch.)
  • bis (Ich warte bis nächste Woche.)
  • durch (Wir fahren durch die Stadt.)
  • ohne (Ich gehe ohne meinen Hund spazieren.)
  • gegen (Er ist gegen die Wand gelaufen.)

There are also two-way prepositions that sometimes require the Accusative and sometimes the Dative. This depends on whether a movement towards a place is being expressed (Accusative) or a position at a place is being described (Dative).

The two-way prepositions are: in, an, auf, über, unter, hinter, neben, zwischen, vor.

If the question "Wohin?" (Where to?) fits, then the Accusative follows, because it's about direction or movement.

  • Er geht in den Wald. (Where is he going? - In den Wald.)

The Dative Case

The Dative is the case of the indirect object. The indirect object is often the person who receives something or for whom something is done. You ask about it with "Wem?" (To whom?).

  • Er gratuliert dem Kollegen. (To whom does he congratulate? - Dem Kollegen.)

A trick: If the verb can only refer to people or living beings, the Dative usually follows. If the verb can also refer to things, the Accusative usually follows.

  • Can I congratulate a book? No, only a person. So: gratulieren needs the Dative.
  • Can I help a book? No, only a living being. So: helfen needs the Dative.

Some verbs that need the Dative case are:

  • helfen (Ich helfe dir.)
  • schmecken (Die Pizza schmeckt mir.)
  • passen (Die Schuhe passen ihm.)
  • gefallen (Das Bild gefällt mir.)
  • gratulieren (Ich gratuliere dir zum Geburtstag.)

The Dative can also follow certain prepositions. These prepositions always require the Dative case:

  • mit (Ich gehe mit meinem Freund.)
  • zu (Wir fahren zum Bahnhof.)
  • bei (Ich wohne bei meinen Eltern.)
  • von (Der Brief ist von meinem Bruder.)
  • nach (Wir fahren nach Berlin.)
  • seit (Ich lerne Deutsch seit einem Jahr.)
  • außer (Alle außer mir waren da.)
  • gegenüber (Das Kino ist dem Rathaus gegenüber.)

With the two-way prepositions (in, an, auf, über, unter, hinter, neben, zwischen, vor), the Dative is used when the question "Wo?" (Where?) fits. It describes a position or state at a place, not movement.

  • Er ist im Wald. (Where is he? - Im Wald.)
  • Ich bin in der Stadt. (Where are you? - In der Stadt.)
  • Sie steht in der Küche. (Where is she standing? - In der Küche.)

The Genitive Case

The Genitive case is used less often than the other cases. It answers the question "Whose?" and often indicates possession or belonging.

Some verbs require the Genitive case. These are often formal or legal terms:

  • gedenken (Wir gedenken der Opfer.)
  • anklagen (Er wird des Raubes angeklagt.)
  • bedürfen (Der Plan bedarf der Zustimmung.)
  • verdächtigen (Sie verdächtigen ihn des Diebstahls.)
  • bezichtigen (Man bezichtigt ihn der Lüge.)

The Genitive is more commonly used to express possession. There are two ways to do this:

  1. For names: You simply add an "s" to the name (without an apostrophe).
  • Das ist Annas Stift. (Whose pen? - Annas.)
  • Das ist Michaels Auto. (Whose car? - Michaels.)
  1. For nouns (things or people that are not proper names): You put the item first and then the owner in the Genitive case.
  • Das ist das Auto meines Onkels. (Whose car? - Meines Onkels.)
  • Das ist die Tasche meiner Tante. (Whose bag? - Meiner Tante.)

If the owner is masculine or neutral, you add "-s" or "-es" to the noun in the Genitive case. For feminine nouns or plural forms, the "-s" is omitted.

  • meines Onkels
  • meines Kindes
  • meiner Tante
  • meiner Kinder

The Genitive case also follows certain prepositions:

  • während (Wir sprechen während des Essens.)
  • außerhalb (Das Auto steht außerhalb der Garage.)
  • innerhalb (Ich bin innerhalb einer Stunde zurück.)
  • anlässlich (Wir treffen uns anlässlich seines Geburtstags.)
  • trotz (Wir gehen spazieren trotz des Regens.)
  • dank (Er hat es geschafft dank seiner Hilfe.)
  • statt / anstatt (Wir nehmen den Bus statt des Autos.)

In everyday spoken language, the Genitive case after these prepositions is sometimes replaced by the Dative case. For example, many people say "wegen dem Regen" instead of "wegen des Regens". It is important to know the correct Genitive form, even though the Dative is often used in informal speech.

This article is based on the video

Nominativ, Akkusativ, Dativ & Genitiv in 15 Minuten Deutsch1

Nominativ, Akkusativ, Dativ & Genitiv in 15 Minuten

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